Fracture and Fatigue of Titanium Metal Matrix Composites Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Outer diameter, inner diameter, overall length, and overall thickness are important dimensions. Most materials are cast, wrought, extruded, forged, cold-finished, hot-rolled, or formed by compacting powdered metals or alloys. Performance features for titanium and titanium alloys include resistance to corrosion, heat, and wear. Ti MMCs offer provide potential advantages for structural applications, where they combine the high strength, high temperature capability, and oxidation resistance of titanium with an increase in stiffness provided by the ceramic reinforcement. Another thing is that they have the advantage of being isotropic in behavior, cheaper to manufacture and more amenable to subsequent processing and component forming operations. Of all the potential reinforcing phases for titanium which includes TiB, TiB2, SiC, Al2O3, and TiC, TiB offers the best balance of stiffness, stability, and similarity of thermal expansion coefficients. Other properties, such as the strength of metal matrix composites, depend in a much more complex manner on composite microstructure. The strength of a fiber-reinforced composite, for example, is determined by fracture processes, themselves governed by a combination of micro structural phenomena and features. These include plastic deformation of the matrix, the presence of brittle phases in the matrix, the strength of the interface, the distribution of flaws in the reinforcement, and the distribution of the reinforcement within the composite. We will write a custom essay sample on Fracture and Fatigue of Titanium Metal Matrix Composites or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Thus in this way the properties of Ti MMCs have been taken into consideration. Now let’s consider the idea of reinforcements. Basically reinforcements used in metal matrix composites fall under the following categories. They are continuous fibers, short fibers, whiskers, equiaxed particles, and interconnected networks. In continuous fibers when we consider the case of monofilaments, silicon carbide monofilament comes into picture. Silicon carbide monofilaments are made by a process called chemical vapor deposition in which tungsten or carbon core is used. If we look at the commercial product, a Japanese multifilament yarn which is designated as silicon carbide by the manufacturers is available. However this is made of pryolosis of organo- metallic precursor fiber and thus it is not a pure silicon carbide. This can be attributed by the fact that the properties differ significantly from those of monofilament silicon carbide. Now we will consider the concept of linear elastic concept mechanics.

Milgrams Research on Obedience - 811 Words

Milgrams research on obedience: how and why it can help student nurses The report aims to: Describe the main aspects of Milgrams study on Obedience Explain why and how this research can be used to help prepare student nurses for working on hospital wards Contribute to the understanding of some of the challenges nurses may face in their working practices Background Stanley Milgram, a psychologist from Yale University, conducted a series of experiments on obedience to explain some of the concentration camp horrors perpetrated during World War II. He tested the subjects willingness to cause pain to another person if instructed to by an authority figure. In his experiment, a group of participants were asked by an authority†¦show more content†¦The studies on Obedience conducted by Milgram are still useful nowadays Milgrams study highlights the extent to which we may be influenced by the authority, giving us the opportunity to reflect on our actions. It is necessary to find the right balance between obedience to authority and critical thinking. In this respect, Milgrams study can be used as a reminder for student nurses to always think about the rationale behind their actions and their possible consequences, as they are always, at least in part, responsible for them. Conclusions In his study on obedience, Milgram found that the presence or absence of a clear authority directly affects peoples behaviour. This was a good grounding for many other researches, included Hofflings study on nurses. These studies are still useful for nurses formation as they help to understand the complexity of their job and the challenges they have to face in their working practice. The research is not over: scientists are still at work trying to understand the human mind and new developments are constantly announced. References Brace, N. and Byford, J. (2012) Investigating Psychology, Oxford, Oxford University Press/Milton Keynes, The Open University Milgram, S. (1974) Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View, London,Show MoreRelatedDrawing on Milgrams Classic Laboratory Research on Obedience935 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Drawing on Milgrams classic laboratory research on obedience Examine and Asses the relevance of laboratory based research to real life. Please consider the suggestion below. 1)- How do laboratory settings differ from everyday situations, and how does this shape the extent to which we can generalise from evidence gathered in such settings to everyday situations? 2)What are the advantages and disadvantages of laboratory based research? 3)Applicability of Milgram s work to real life situationsRead MoreA Consideration of the Ends Justifying the Means of Milgram’s Research Into Obedience2659 Words   |  11 PagesA Consideration of the Ends Justifying the Means of Milgram’s Research Into Obedience Stanley Milgram carried out a series of studies in 1963 and 1973 related to obedience to authority. These studies have been viewed as controversial ever since, mainly because of the ethical issues they raise. Although he was able to obtain conclusive results and discover that under certain situational influences anybody might obey orders that went against their conscience; the way inRead MoreA Brief Summary of Milgrams Seminal Research on Obedience to Authority1016 Words   |  5 Pagesof others (Berkowitz, 1999). Because of the fields situationistic perspective emphasizing the individuals susceptibility to the power of the immediate situation, social psychologists generally view the fairly high levels of obedience to authority displayed in Milgrams classic experiment as the paradigmatic example of evil behavior (Berkowitz, 1999). Reading about the work of Ross and Nisbett, 1991 (as cited in Berkowitz, 1999, p. 247) stated that â€Å"social psychologists, by and large, do notRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Perils Of Obedience Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pagesmanipulated the minds of masses for their own personal and political agenda. Still, many questions still remain prevalent as to how an individual reaches his or her decision on obedience in a distressing environment. Inspired by Nazi trials, Sta nley Milgram, an American psychologist, questions the social norm in â€Å"Perils of Obedience† (1964), where he conducted a study to test how far the average American was willing to for under the pressures of an authority figure. Milgram s study showed that under theRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Behavioral Study Of Obedience 965 Words   |  4 Pagesthe obscure notions of the brain and its limitations. In research programs, an experiment is usually conducted to determine the objective of a scientist’s research. With this state of mind, a test subject must obtain a sense of submission or obedience.   In Stanley Milgram’s â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience†, he elaborates on the notion of obedience with accordance to the behaviors of a higher power and his subjects. Milgram’s defines obedience as â€Å"the psychological mechanism that links individual  action  toRead MoreReal Life Implications Of The Milgram Experiment1698 Words à ‚  |  7 PagesReal Life Implications of the Milgram Experiment One of the most controversial studies in the history of psychology is Stanley Milgram’s Obedience experiment, which revealed the power of obedience and the horrendous acts people would commit when faced by an authority figure. Milgram selected male participants to be part of a learning study. He got people to be either the learner or the teacher. It was fixed that they were always the teacher. The teacher would shock the learner if they would getRead MoreComparative Analysis Of Stanley Milgrams The Perils Of Obedience1461 Words   |  6 PagesComparative Analysis The purpose of Stanley Milgram writing his â€Å"The Perils of Obedience,† is to show to what extent an individual would contradict his/her moral convictions because of the orders of an authority figure (Milgram 78). He constructed an experiment wherein an experimenter instructs a naà ¯ve subject to inflict a series of shocks of increasing voltage on a protesting actor. Contrary to Milgram’s expectations, about sixty percent of the subjects administered the highest voltage shock. (MilgramRead MoreMilgram s Experiments On Obedience By Ian Parker1030 Words   |  5 PagesMilgram’s infamous experiment was met with much controversy and even outrage. To Milgram, the experiment was considered to be a mixed blessing: it would both â€Å"make his name and destroy his reputation† (Parker 95). Diana Baumrind, a psychologist at the institute of Human Development at the University of California, Berkley, was the spearhead of the anti-Milgram movement writing the â⠂¬Å"Review of Stanley Milgram’s Experiments on Obedience† in which she reprimands Milgram for the maltreatment of his subjectsRead MoreThe Perils of Obedience, by Stanley Milgram1499 Words   |  6 Pagesshortened edition of Stanley Milgram’s â€Å"The Perils of Obedience,† where he displays an eye-opening experiment that tests the true obedience of people under authority figures. He observes that most people go against their natural instinct to never harm innocent humans and obey the extreme and dangerous instructions of authority figures. Milgram is well aware of his audience and organization throughout his article, uses quotes directly from his experiment and connects his research with a real world exampleRead MoreThe Causes Of Obedience From Research By Milgram ( 1974 ) And His Contemporaries1360 Words   |  6 PagesDescribe and explain what we can learn about the causes of Obedience from research by Milgram (1974) and his Contemporaries. Stanley Milgram was a Psychologist at Yale. Obedience is an essential part in the format of humanity, and it’s destructiveness has been investigated throughout time. Stanley Milgram organized a research to test the destructiveness of obedience however, Milgram wanted to investigate why ordinary people are keen to obey an authority figure and commit evil deeds even when it

Issues To Address In The Development Of The Information System

Question: 1. What error did the Missile Defense Agency make in the development of the GMD system? 2. How do the factors that pushed the agency to release the GMD compare to those that rush the development of business software? 3. What steps can businesses take to ensure that engineers report all potential problems that arise during development? 4. What steps can IT professionals take to make business managers aware of the importance of following the complete systems development process? Answer: 1: Errors in the development of the GMD system After the attacks on the twin towers in 2001, President G.W Bush issued directive to deploy the GMD system by the year 2004. From that point the agency began deploying the missiles instead of testing and developing the technology (Weiderpass, 2013). Mainly the political pressure to deploy the system forced to neglect the different issues related to the software and other components. But in the year 2004 and 2005 the agency aborted the tests of the missiles of GMD program. The testing of the missiles was aborted since the missiles were remained stuck into their silos due to the software related issues (Kreshchuk Zyablov, 2014). Figure 1: The functionality of a interceptor missile (Source: Kelleher Dombrowski, 2015, pp-98) The previous test of these missiles in the period of 2008 to 2014 was unsuccessful, but in June 2014 the U.S missile defense agency reported the success of this program. This technology can be considered as the result of the idea of President Ronald Reagan. The following report contributes to the development and the errors that occurred in the course of the development (Hensley et al, 2015). Moreover, the report comprises discussion about the factors that pushed the agency to release the GMD. In addition to that the report also focuses on the steps that ensure that all the problems faced by the engineers are reported. Once the interceptor missiles are launched it travels toward the predicted location. These missiles are capable of destroying the ballistic missiles in their midcourse phase, i.e when they are outside of the atmosphere and at the highest point of their trajectory. The technology was designed asa mean toprotect an army base from a potential nuclear attack. It involves 30 interceptors and can be launched fromvarious locations acrossthe United States. The missile gets the inflight updates all along the way.In the year 2010 the test were failed due to the failure of the sea based radar systems. The radar system helped the missiles to calculate the trajectory of the transcontinental ballistic missiles. The GMD or the ground based mid course defense system is a ballistic missile defense system of United States. This system is mainly developed to detect and tracks long-range ballistic missiles in their boost phase (Spinardi, 2014). This radar system failed because of its problem of to detect the target with the other metal pieces that tore away from the target as it approaches to kill vehicle (Handberg, 2015). It is observed that the development of the missile was defective due to the thruster hardware used in it. Before every test launch of the missiles the engineers of the agency redesigned the defective components and the related software. It is observed that the development of the missile was defective due to the thruster hardware used in it. 2: Factors that pushed the agency to release the GMD system The factors that pushed the release of the GMD are the success of the North Korea that helps it to minimize the size of the nuclear warhead (Hensley et al, 2015). These warheads can fit to the top of ballistic missiles. It increased the vulnerability of United States against the nuclear warheads of the North Korea. Again in the same year the North Korea and South Korea exchanged fire on the issue of the disputed sea border. Again the talk between the northand SouthKorea collapsed due to the issue of leading the delegations. In February 2013, North Korea confirmed that it has conducted its long threatened and anticipated nuclear warhead test (Kreshchuk Zyablov, 2014). In order to make it sure the U.S officials tried to find out the signs that may confirm the nuclear test done by the North Korea. In the month of March North Korea declares that, it would not abide by the 1953 war truce. This truce prevented the North Korean government to cease any army drill against the United States a nd South Korea. In the same month the officials of United States stated that, they will deploy more numbers of the ballistic missile interceptors in California and Alaska. As the result of this decision North Korea shuts the military hotlines connected with the South Korea (Weiderpass, 2013). The release of the GMD is finally pushed by mission of the U.S military over the Korean peninsula. 3: Steps to be taken by the business to ensure the reporting of the engineers While developing a product, it is necessary to ensure that the engineers can report all the potential problems to the concerned authority that arise in the different processes. It is helpful in the effective development of the product. Since each and every problem related to the development process are addressed thoroughly by the authority (Handberg, 2015). If the problems during the development are not addressed properly, then the whole development process fails to deliver the required product or service. In this development scenario the problems like the defects in the components and related to software are not addressed (Kreshchuk Zyablov, 2014). As a result of it the developed missiles failed due to the inability of the missiles to detect the launch and position of the missiles fired by the rouge nation. Moreover the project was intended to develop quickly and cheaply (Mayer, 2015). Thus to complete the development the engineers over looked the different pitfalls of the missile. Therefore the businesses should encourage the open environment inside the organization so that the employees can speak up and discus the problems in the development process. This is helpful to increase the productivity of the business since they are in better touch with the clients and stakeholders of the product development. This reporting process helps in the detection of the minor problems before they emerge as the blockage to the business processes (Spinardi, 2014). More over the business organizations should encourage the open door policy. This policy helps and encourages the engineers to approach the higher authorities about the problems in the development. 4: Steps taken by the IT professionals to make business managers aware of the process The steps to make the business manager to follow the complete system development process include approvals of the design of the products before the final production is started (Kelleher Dombrowski, 2015). Moreover the managers are also important to set the stage for the development. This includes the events like informing the engaged employees about the expectation, when it is required and how to achieve that in the prescribed timeframe (Mears, 2013). It helps to clearly outline the specifications and the description of the system. By organizing the progress meetings, that includes the completion of the significant milestones in the whole development process. Moreover to asses and manage the different risks the business manager must follow the total development process. In addition to that Managers need to be responsive about their staffs progress on the predetermined goals (Hensley et al, 2015). In order to help the employees with the assistance or resources when it is required to meet the targets in the prescribed deadline the managers need to be aware of the whole development processes. More over the manager helps in providing milestones to the employees helps to create a sense of urgency to complete the development process. References Handberg, R. (2015). The symbolic politics of ballistic missile defense: seeking the perfect defense in an imperfect world.Defense Security Analysis,31(1), 44-57. Harris, M. (2015).Deterring Chinese Ballistic Missile Threats to the US Homeland.Comparative Strategy,34(5), 447-457. Hensley, T. K., Caviness, L. P., Vaughn, S., Morton, C. (2015). Understanding the Indications and Warning Efforts of US Ballistic Missile Defense.Joint Force Quarterly,78(3), 91-97. Kelleher, C., Dombrowski, P. J. (2015).Regional Missile Defense from a Global Perspective.Stanford University Press. Kreshchuk, A., Zyablov, V. (2014, August).Generalized concatenated MIMO system with GMD decoding.In2014 8th International Symposium on Turbo Codes and Iterative Information Processing (ISTC)(pp. 259-263).IEEE. Mayer, M. (2015). Strategic Uncertainty and Missile Defence: Revisiting the 1999 National Intelligence Estimate.Contemporary Security Policy,36(3), 432-452. Mears, J. R. (2013).Arms control and missile defense: explaining success and failure in US-Russian cooperation(Doctoral dissertation, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School). Riqiang, W. (2013). China's Anxiety About US Missile Defence: A Solution.Survival,55(5), 29-52. Spinardi, G. (2014). Technical controversy and ballistic missile defence: disputing epistemic authority in the development of hit-to-kill technology.Science as Culture,23(1), 1-26. Weiderpass, E. (2013). Communicating in a Cold Climate: Moving Toward US-Russia Cooperation on Missile Defense.